The 3D motion sensor is made by combining a ceramic
gyro with an accelerometer and magnetic sensor. The ceramic gyro
is very good at measuring an object's rotational velocity and can pick
up extremely fast movements. Just this gyro alone is enough to measure
how much an object has moved. This is because it is possible to determine
how much an object has moved by calculating the angle moved from each
change in rotational velocity, then adding each angle to get the total.
But each calculation of angle introduces a margin of error, and as the
angles are added together, this margin of error becomes greater and greater.
After a certain angle, it becomes impossible to express an accurate angular
position.
The accelerometer, on the other hand, detects gravitational force.
When placed horizontally, it outputs zero, but when tilted it is subject
to gravity, and outputs the corresponding signals. Placing two of these
sensors at right angles to each other produces a sensor that can show
how many degrees an object has moved from the horizontal plane in absolute
terms. But if this tilt sensor is moved quickly, it becomes impossible
to differentiate between signals caused by inertia and by gravitational
force. In other words, the tilt sensor is incapable of handling fast
movements.
Meanwhile, the magnetic sensor works just like a compass. But while
it is capable of indicating direction in terms of east, west, north
and south in absolute terms, the magnetic sensor is also incapable of
following very fast movements. In other words, the ceramic gyro and
the accelerometer and the magnetic sensors have complementary strengths
and weaknesses. The ceramic gyro is good at measuring quick movements,
but is not good for slow movement. Meanwhile, the accelerometer and
the magnetic sensors are not good for fast movements, but are good at
measuring slow movements. So ceramic gyros are arrayed to measure movement
in each of the three directions - up-down, left-right, and front-back
- and each of these gyros is then paired with one of the other sensors:
magnetic in the up-down direction, and accelerometer in the left-right
and front-back directions. In combination, these sensors can accurately
measure motion in each of the three dimensions. During fast movements,
the values output by the accelerometer and the magnetic sensors are
supplemented by the gyros, while during slow movements, the values output
by the gyros are supplemented by the accelerometer and the magnetic
sensors.